Introduction
Pakistan, one of the uppermost Muslim suggests in the world, is a leading and
ideal monument of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. With his untiring efforts,
indomitable will, and dauntless courage, he united the Indian Muslims short of
the banner of the Muslim League and carved out a homeland for them, regardless
of stiff opposition based on what i read in the Hindu Congress and the British
Government.
Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah's exploit as the founder
of Pakistan, dominates anything and everything else he did in his for a while
now and crowded public livlihood spanning a few 42 years. Yet, by any standard,
his was an eventful life, his personality multidimensional and his achievements
in !no! fields got many, if not equally great. Indeed, a good amount of got the
roles he had played in distinction: at one period or another, he was one of the
most major legal luminaries India had came up with over the beforehand side of
the century, an `ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity, a elevated constitutionalist,
a distinguished parliamentarian, a top-notch politician, an indefatigable
freedom-fighter, a dynamic Muslim leader, a political strategist and, above all
one of the smart nation-builders of recent times.
What, however, instigates him so remarkable is the truth so additonally similar
larger number of leaders argued the leadership of for the most part well-defined
nations and espoused the cause, or led them to freedom, he made a sector out of
an inchoate and down-trodeen minority and demonstrated a cultural and
countrywide real estate for it. And all the present within the duration of a
decase. For more than 3 ages before the top notch culmination in 1947, of the
Muslim run for freedom in the South-Asian subcontinent, Jinnah had only if
political leadership to the Indian Muslims: initially as one of the leaders, but
later, as of 1947, as the simply prominent leader- the Quaid-i-Azam.
For within thirty years, he had guided this affairs; he had supplied expression,
coherence and course to such a ligitimate aspirations and cherished dreams; he
had formulated these kinds of to concerete demands; and, above all, he had
striven all the additonally to get them conceded by both the ruling British and
the a good number of Hindus the dominant segment of India's population. And for
through thirty ages he had fought, frequently and inexorably, for the normal
rights of the Muslims for an honourable presence in the subcontinent. Indeed,
his livlihood story constitutes, as it were, the story of the rebirth of the
Muslims of the subcontinent and this spectacular inflation to nationhood,
phoenixlike.
Early Life
Quaid-e-Azam - Early LifeBorn on December 25, 1876, in a prominent mercantile
family in Karachi and educated at the Sindh Madrassat-ul-Islam and the Christian
Mission School at his birth place, Jinnah joined the Lincoln's Inn in 1893 to
become the youngest Indian to be identified to the Bar, 3 ages later. Starting
out in the legal profession withknothing to fall off returning upon apart from
his native ability and determination, young Jinnah shot up to prominence and
became Bombay's a large number of top notch lawyer, as few did, through a few
years. Once he was powerfully proven in the legal profession, Jinnah formally
entered politics in 1905 based on data from the platform of the Indian National
Congress.
He headed to England in overly year alongwith Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915),
as a member of a Congress delegation to plead the basis of Indian self-governemnt
over the British elections. A year later, he served as Secretary to Dadabhai
Noaroji (1825-1917), the consequently Indian National Congress President, that
was taken into account a superior honour for a budding politician. Here, at the
Calcutta Congress session (December 1906), he furthermore came up with his
previous political speech in substantiation of the resolution on
self-government.
Political Career
Three ages later, in January 1910, Jinnah was elected to the newly-constituted
Imperial Legislative Council. All in his parliamentary career, that spanned
Other five decades, he was likely the a multitude of powerful voice in the
motivate of Indian freedom and Indian rights. Jinnah, who was as well the
beforehand Indian to pilot a private member's Bill within the Council, swiftly
became a leader of a committe inside the legislature.
Mr. Montagu (1879-1924), Secretary of State for India, at the end of the First
World War, believed Jinnah "perfect mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the
teeth in dialecties..."Jinnah, he felt, "is a particularly smooth man, and it
is, of course, an outrage overly this a man provided that hold no possibility of
running the affairs of his own country."
For nearly 3 ages as of his entry to politics in 1906, Jinnah passionately
alleged in and assiduously got the job done for Hindu-Muslim unity. Gokhale, the
foremost Hindu leader before Gandhi, had subsequent to argued of him, "He has
the real junk in him and which freedom from what i read in all sectarian
prejudice that are able to be him the most ideal ambassador of Hindu-Muslim
Unity: And, to be sure, he did become the architect of Hindu-Muslim Unity: he
was responsible for the Congress-League Pact of 1916, legendary popularly as
Lucknow Pact- the easily pact consistently signed between the two political
organisations, the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, representing, as
properties did, the two considerable neighborhoods in the subcontinent."
The Congress-League scheme embodied in the pact was to become the cause for the
Montagu-Chemlsford Reforms, too renowned as the Act of 1919. In retrospect, the
Lucknow Pact represented a milestone in the phase of Indian politics. For one
thing, it conceded Muslims the correct to separate electorate, misgiving of
seats in the legislatures and weightage in representation both at the Centre and
the minority provinces. Thus, the retention was certain in the imminent time of
reforms.
For another, it represented a tacit recognition of the All-India Muslim League
as the representative organisation of the Muslims, so strengthening the tendency
towards Muslim individuality in Indian politics. And to Jinnah goes the charge
for all this. Thus, by 1917, Jinnah came to be recognised amongst both Hindus
and Muslims as one of India's numerous outstanding political leaders. Not merely
was he prominent in the Congress and the Imperial Legislative Council, he was
furthermore the President of the All-India Muslim and the current of lthe Bombay
Branch of the Home Rule League. More important, as of his key-role in the
Congress-League entente at Lucknow, he was hailed as the ambassador, as
enormously as the embodiment, of Hindu-Muslim unity.
Constitutional Struggle
In subsequent years, however, he experienced dismayed at the injection of
violence to politics. Since Jinnah stood for "ordered progress", moderation,
gradualism and constitutionalism, he experienced the present political terrorism
was not the pathway to nationwide liberation but, the dark alley to calamity and
destruction. Hence, the constitutionalist Jinnah should not possibly,
countenance Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's novel supplies of Satyagrah (civil
disobedience) and the triple boycott of government-aided schools and colleges,
courts and councils and British textiles. Earlier, in October 1920, when Gandhi,
holding been heard elected President of the Home Rule League, sought to
difference its constitution as vastly as its nomenclature, Jinnah had resigned
for the Home Rule League, saying: "Your excessive programme has for the minute
smacked the imagination first and foremost of the inexperienced youth and the
ignorant and the illiterate. All such a spells disorganisation and choas".
Jinnah did not take for granted so ends justified the means.
Quaid-e-Azam Constitutional StruggleIn the ever-growing frustration with the
masses lead to by colonial rule, there was extensive signal for extremism. But,
Gandhi's doctrine of non-cooperation, Jinnah felt, much as Rabindranath Tagore
(1861-1941) did as well feel, was at better one of negation and despair: it is
able to make to the producing up of resentment, but not anything constructive.
Hence, he opposed tooth and nail the tactics adopted by Gandhi to triumph the
Khilafat and wrongful tactics in the Punjab in the the first part of twenties.
On the eve of its adoption of the Gandhian programme, Jinnah warned the Nagpur
Congress Session (1920): "you are causing a declaration (of Swaraj throughout a
year) and committing the Indian National Congress to a programme, that you would
not be able to carry out". He experienced the present there was no short-cut to
independence and such a Gandhi's extra-constitutional resources are able to sole
instigate to political terrorism, lawlessness and chaos, without bringing India
nearer to the threshold of freedom.
The times ahead direction of happenings was not simply to establish Jinnah's
worst fears, but too to establish him right. Although Jinnah left the Congress
hastily thereafter, he kept on his efforts towards bringing close to a
Hindu-Muslim entente, that he rightly taken into account "the numerous drastic
circumstances of Swaraj".
However, while of the deep distrust between the two the public as evidenced by
the country-wide communal riots, and when the Hindus failed to balance the
genuine demands of the Muslims, his efforts came to naught. One this kind of
struggle was the formulation of the Delhi Muslim Proposals in March, 1927. In
condition to bridge Hindu-Muslim differences on the constitutional plan, such
bids significantly waived the Muslim affirmatory to separate electorate, the the
majority of obvious Muslim requirement ever since 1906, that even though
recognised by the the senate in the Lucknow Pact, had once again become a source
of friction between the two communities. surprisingly though, the Nehru Report
(1928), that represented the Congress-sponsored propositions for the coming
years constitution of India, negated the the very least Muslim demands embodied
in the Delhi Muslim Proposals.
In vain did Jinnah claim at the National convention (1928): "What we like is too
Hindus and Mussalmans will march up until our object is achieved...These two
towns own got to be reconciled and united and erected to feel which the
interests are common". The Convention's blank refusal to accept Muslim demands
represented the a good number of disasterous setback to Jinnah's life-long
efforts to bid virtually Hindu-Muslim unity, it lead to "the endure straw" for
the Muslims, and "the parting of the ways" for him, as he confessed to a Parsee
friend at such a time.
Jinnah's disillusionment at the procedure of politics in the subcontinent
prompted him to migrate and reach a decision at a low level in London in the the
first part of thirties. He was, however, to come up with to India in 1934, at
the pleadings of his co-religionists, and imagine such a leadership. But, the
Muslims presented a sad spectacle at the present time. They got a mass of
disgruntled and demoralised men and women, politically disorganised and
destitute of a clear-cut political programme.
Reorganization of Muslim League
Thus, the duty such a awaited Jinnah was everything but easy. The Muslim League
was dormant: main branches it had none; still its provincial firms were, for the
several part, ineffective and just nominally short of the control of the pivotal
organization. Nor did the critical person hold any coherent policy of its own
till the Bombay session (1936), that Jinnah organized. To be topics worse, the
provincial scene presented a kind of a jigsaw puzzle: in the Punjab, Bengal,
Sindh, the North West Frontier, Assam, Bihar and the United Provinces, many
Muslim leaders had set up this own provincial parties to stand for this
individualized ends. Extremely frustrating as the quality of life was, the
merely consultation Jinnah had at now juncture was in Allama Iqbal (1877-1938),
the poet-philosopher, who stood steadfast by him and helped to charter the
procedure of Indian politics based on what i read in behind the scene.
Undismayed by the current bleak situation, Jinnah devoted himself through
singleness of purpose to organizing the Muslims on one platform. He embarked
upon country-wide tours. He pleaded investing in provincial Muslim leaders to
sink the differences and be standard lead to amongst the League. He exhorted the
Muslim masses to organize themselves and join the League. He gave coherence and
way to Muslim sentiments on the Government of India Act, 1935. He advocated the
present the Federal Scheme might be scrapped as it was subversive of India's
cherished end of broad responsible Government, additonally the provincial
scheme, that conceded provincial autonomy for the above all time, might be were
effective for how it was worth, although its assured objectionable features. He
moreover formulated a good League manifesto for the election scheduled for the
beginning of 1937. He was, it seemed, making an attempt against minute to
require Muslim India a gas to be reckoned with.
Quaid-e-Azam - Leader of Muslim LeagueDespite all the manifold risks stacked
against it, the Muslim League won selected 108 (about 23 per cent) seats out of
a general of 485 Muslim seats in the most legislature. Though not basically
incredible in itself, the League's partial prosperity claimed added significance
in view of the reality the present the League won the leading total amount of
Muslim seats and this it was the easily all-India party of the Muslims in the
country. Thus, the elections represented the beforehand milestone on the for a
while road to putting Muslim India on the map of the subcontinent. Congress in
Power With the year 1937 opened the various mementoes decade in current Indian
history. In this year came to impel the provincial half of the Government of
India Act, 1935, realizing autonomy to Indians for the chiefly time, in the
provinces.
The Congress, undergoing become the dominant party in Indian politics, came to
fuel in seven provinces exclusively, spurning the League's find of cooperation,
changing its coming back eventually on the coalition thinking and except Muslims
as a political entity based on what i read in the portals of power. In this
year, also, the Muslim League, underneath Jinnah's dynamic leadership, was
reorganized de novo, altered to a mass organization, and built the spokesman of
Indian Muslims as never before. Above all, in such a momentous year got set
about some tendencies in Indian politics, the crystallization of that in
subsequent decades produced the partition of the subcontinent inevitable.
The sensible manifestation of the policy of the Congress that took office in
July, 1937, in seven out of eleven provinces, convinced Muslims that, in the
Congress scheme of things, properties could easily dwell easily on sufferance of
Hindus and as "second class" citizens. The Congress provincial governments, it
may be remembered, had embarked upon a policy and launched a PROGRAMME in that
Muslims have had to deal with such a the religion, jargon and culture got not
safe. This blatantly aggressive Congress policy was held upon by Jinnah to
awaken the Muslims to a new consciousness, organize them on all-India platform,
and offer them a fuel to be reckoned with. He moreover gave coherence, course
and articulation to such a innermost, yet vague, urges and aspirations. Above
all, the filled them among his indomitable will, his own unflinching trust in
the destiny.
The New Awakening
As a result of Jinnah's ceaseless efforts, the Muslims awakened of how Professor
Baker calls (their) "unreflective silence" (in that properties had so
complacently basked for for a long while decades), and to "the spiritual essence
of nationality" so had existed amidst them for a relatively for a long while
time. Roused by the hurt of successive Congress hammerings, the Muslims, as
Ambedkar (principal author of independent India's Constitution) says, "searched
such a social consciousness in a desperate hard work to see coherent and
meaningful articulation to the cherished yearnings. To this excellent relief,
properties found this such a sentiments of nationality had flamed to
nationalism". In addition, not just had properties developed" the may to reside
as a "nation", had additionally endowed them amidst a territory that properties
serves to occupy and trigger a State as enormously as a cultural residence for
the newly found nation.
These two pre-requisites, as laid dwindled by Renan, with the Muslims surrounded
by the intellectual justification for saying a various nationalism (apart from
what i read in Indian or Hindu nationalism) for themselves. So the current when,
following the for a while pause, the Muslims gave expression to this innermost
yearnings, these types of turned out to be in favor of a separate Muslim
nationhood and of a separate Muslim state.
Demand for Pakistan - "We are a nation"
"We are a nation", properties assumed in the as of yet eloquent idioms of the
Quaid-i-Azam.
"We are a country investing in our own distinctive culture and civilization,
talk and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of
costs and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history
and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we suffer our own distinctive
outlook on livlihood and of life. By all canons of distant law, we are a
nation".
The formulation of the Muslim requirement for Pakistan in 1940 had a tremendous
decrease on the nature and process of Indian politics. On the one hand, it
shattered for continually the Hindu dreams of a pseudo-Indian, in fact, Hindu
empire on British exit according to India: on the other, it heralded an era of
Islamic renaissance and creativity in that the Indian Muslims got to be active
participants. The Hindu reaction was quick, bitter, malicious.
Equally hostile got the British to the Muslim demand, this hostility owning
stemmed based on data from this faith overly the unity of India was such a chief
feat and such a foremost contribution. The irony was the current both the Hindus
and the British had not prepared the astonishingly tremendous response so the
Pakistan necessity had elicited based on information from the Muslim masses.
Above all, properties failed to come to find how a hundred million borrowers had
The next thing you knew become supremely conscious of such a various nationhood
and the elevated destiny.
In channelling the direction of Muslim politics towards Pakistan, no a lower
amount of as opposed to in directing it towards its consummation in the firm of
Pakistan in 1947, non played a additional decisive role as opposed to did
Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. It was his powerful advocacy of the situation
of Pakistan and his remarkable strategy in the delicate negotiations, such a
trailed the formulation of the Pakistan demand, exceptionally in the post-war
period, which produced Pakistan inevitable.
Cripps Scheme
While the British reaction to the Pakistan requirement came in the engender of
the Cripps supply of April, 1942, that conceded the law of self-determination to
provinces on a territorial basis, the Rajaji Formula (called following the
eminent Congress leader C.Rajagopalacharia, that became the trigger of prolonged
Jinnah-Gandhi talks in September, 1944), represented the Congress substitute to
Pakistan.
The Cripps submit was rejected while it did not concede the Muslim clamor the
entire way, additonally the Rajaji Formula was discovered unacceptable from the
time of it offered a "moth-eaten, mutilated" Pakistan and the too appended among
a high amount of pre-conditions that acquired its emergence in any circumstances
remote, if not altogether impossible. Cabinet Mission The many delicate as good
as the a large amount of tortuous negotiations, however, took place within the
duration of 1946-47, following the elections that suggested the present the
earth was sharply and faintly evenly divided between two parties- the Congress
and the League- and such a the pertinent hassle in Indian politics was Pakistan.
These negotiations commenced in on the arrival, in March 1946, of a three-member
British Cabinet Mission. The vital aspiration in that the Cabinet Mission was
entrusted was overly of devising in consultation investing in the a multitude of
political parties, a constitution-making machinery, and of setting up a popular
interim government. But, while the Congress-League gulf may not be bridged, even
though the Mission's (and the Viceroy's) prolonged efforts, the Mission had to
form its own bids in May 1946.
Cabinet Mission Plan
These bids stipulated a limited centre, supreme merely in international affairs,
defense and communications and 3 autonomous groups of provinces. Two of these
kinds of groups got to hold Muslim majorities in the north-west and the
north-east of the subcontinent, additonally the third one, comprising the Indian
mainland, was to own a Hindu majority. A consummate statesman too he was, Jinnah
saw his chance. He interpreted the clauses relating to a limited centre and the
grouping as "the foundation of Pakistan", and induced the Muslim League Council
to accept the Plan in June 1946; and such he did significantly against the
calculations of the Congress and to its utter dismay.
Tragically though, the League's acceptance was put lower to its predicted
weakness and the Congress put up a posture of defiance, produced to swamp the
League to submitting to its dictates and its interpretations of the plan. Faced
thus, how environmentally friendly had Jinnah and the League but to rescind this
previously acceptance, reiterate and reaffirm such a hand made stance, and
figure out to launch direct action (if difficulty be) to wrest Pakistan. The way
Jinnah maneuvered to turn the tide of incidences at a instant when all seemed
lost indicated, above all, his masterly grasp of the state of affairs and his
adeptness at writing strategic and tactical moves.
Partition Plan By the conclusion of 1946, the communal riots had flared up to
murderous heights, engulfing approximately the whole subcontinent. The two
peoples, it seemed, got involved in a combat to the finish. The moment for a
peaceful transfer of electricity was eventually running out. Realizing the
gravity of the situation. His Majesty's Government sent at a slump to India a
new Viceroy- Lord Mountbatten. His protracted negotiations amidst the numerous
political leaders resulted in 3 June (1947) Plan by that the British determined
to partition the subcontinent, and hand through gas to two successor States on
15 August, 1947. The bill was duly accepted by the 3 Indian parties to the
dispute- the Congress the League and the Akali Dal (representing the Sikhs).
Leader of a Free Nation
Quaid-e-Azam - Governor-General of PakistanIn recognition of his single
contribution, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was nominated by the Muslim
League as the Governor-General of Pakistan, additonally the Congress appointed
Mountbatten as India's primarily Governor-General. Pakistan, it has carried on
remarkably said, was born in virtual chaos.
Indeed, few nations in the earth experience began on this run in smaller
materials and in a good amount treacherous circumstances. The new country did
not inherit a important government, a capital, an administrative core, or an
organized defense force. Its social and administrative equipment got poor; there
was tiny amount of supplies and a good deal a reduced amount of statistics. The
Punjab holocaust had left vast the public in a shambles investing in
communications disrupted. This, along among the en masse migration of the Hindu
and Sikh boom and managerial classes, left the market's prosperity approximately
shattered.
The treasury was empty, India suffering denied Pakistan the extensive share of
its currency balances. On top of all this, the continuing to unorganized world
was identified upon to feed specific eight million refugees who had fled the
insecurities and barbarities of the north Indian plains who long, hot summer. If
all the was symptomatic of Pakistan's administrative and market weakness, the
Indian annexation, during military action in November 1947, of Junagadh (which
had originally acceded to Pakistan) and the Kashmir war within the duration of
the State's accession (October 1947-December 1948) exposed her military
weakness. In the circumstances, therefore, it was not anything very brief of a
miracle the present Pakistan survived at all. That it survived and forged in the
future was generally due to one man-Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The planet desperately
needed in the occupant of a charismatic leader at too vital juncture in the
nation's history, and he fulfilled too fancy profoundly. After all, he was a
greater amount of as opposed to a mere Governor-General: he was the Quaid-i-Azam
who had brought the State to being.
In the concluding analysis, his basically arrival at the helm of affairs was
responsible for enabling the newly born sector to overcome the adverse situation
on the morrow of its cataclysmic birth. He mustered up the immense prestige and
the unquestioning loyalty he commanded amid the borrowers to energize them, to
soar such a morale, side yards run the profound feelings of patriotism so the
freedom had generated, along constructive channels. Though tired and in
unpleasent health, Jinnah yet carried the heaviest side of the burden in too
earliest principle year. He laid dropped the policies of the new state, dubbed
deliberation to the immediate inquiries confronting the globe and imparted upon
the constituents of the Constituent Assembly, the civil servants and the Armed
Forces how to do and how the sector anticipated of them.
He saw to it the law and shape was maintained at all costs, although the
provocation who the large-scale riots in north India had provided. He moved on
Karachi to Lahore for a additonally and endeavor the immediate refugee
difficulty in the Punjab. In a opportunity of fierce excitement, he remained
sober, cool and steady. He advised his excited audience in Lahore to concentrate
on helping the refugees, to put off retaliation, exercise restraint and cover
the minorities. He certain the minorities of a fair deal, assuaged the inured
sentiments, and gave them wish and comfort. He toured the most provinces,
attended to such a chosen concerns and instilled in the homeowners a sense of
belonging.
He reversed the British policy in the North-West Frontier and ordered the
withdrawal of the troops for the tribal territory of Waziristan, thereby
rendering the Pathans feel themselves an integral side of Pakistan's
body-politics. He came up with a new Ministry of States and Frontier Regions,
and claimed responsibility for ushering in a new era in Balochistan. He settled
the divisive wonder about of the reports of Karachi, secured the accession of
States, really of Kalat that seemed problematical and carried on negotiations
providing Lord Mountbatten for the settlement of the Kashmir Issue.
The Quaid's Last Message
It was, therefore, investing in a sense of supreme satisfaction at the
fulfillment of his goal overly Jinnah informed the planet in his persist message
on 14 August, 1948:
"The bases of your State undergo continued laid and it is now for you to create
and construct as speedily and as greatly as you can". In accomplishing the end
he had taken upon himself on the morrow of Pakistan's birth, Jinnah had were
effective himself to death, but he had, to quote richard Symons, "contributed
larger amount of as opposed to any a greater amount of man to Pakistan's
survivial".
He died on 11 September, 1948. How real was Lord Pethick Lawrence, the former
Secretary of State for India, when he said, "Gandhi died by the hands of an
assassin; Jinnah died by his devotion to Pakistan".
A man these as Jinnah, who had fought for the normal rights of his borrowers all
throughout his livlihood and who had taken up the slightly alternative and the
traditionally misinterpreted lead of Pakistan, was bound to engender violent
opposition and excite implacable hostility and was probably to be usually
misunderstood. But how is a good number of remarkable close to Jinnah is overly
he was the recipient of a good deal of of the most major tributes paid out to
any one in current times, one or two of them that much based on data from folks
who possessed a diametrically opposed viewpoint.
Recognition by multitude of personalities
Quaid-e-Azam - Mizar-e-QuaidThe Aga Khan comprehended him "the leading man he
always met", Beverley Nichols, the author of `Verdict on India', identified him
"the various substantial man in Asia", and Dr. Kailashnath Katju, the West
Bengal Governor in 1948, understood of him as "an outstanding be certain of now
century not clearly in India, but in the gargantuan world". While Abdul Rahman
Azzam Pasha, Secretary General of the Arab League, referred to as him "one of
the most major leaders in the Muslim world", the Grand Mufti of Palestine knew
his death as a "great loss" to the whole globe of Islam.
It was, however, issued to Surat Chandra Bose, leader of the Forward Bloc wing
of the Indian National Congress, to sum up succinctly his customized and
political achievements.
"Mr Jinnah", he alleged on his death in 1948, "was fantastic as a lawyer, in the
wake of superb as a Congressman, prohibative as a leader of Muslims, magnificent
as a country politician and diplomat, and most major of all as a man of action,
By Mr. Jinnah's endorsement away, the industry has lost one of the most major
statesmen and Pakistan its life-giver, philosopher and guide".
Such was Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the man and his mission, this the
margin of his accomplishments and achievements.
|
|
