|
|
Pakistan HISTORY
Pakistan emerged on the industry map on August 14,1947. It has its foundations
to the remote past. Its company was the culmination of the directed by Muslims
of the South-Asian subcontinent for a separate homeland of this own and its
foundation was laid when Muhammad bin Qasim subdued Sindh in 711 A.D. as a
reprisal against sea pirates too had taken refuge in Raja Dahir's kingdom.
The advent of Islam larger number of strengthened the historical individuality
in the cities now constituting Pakistan and greater amount of past its
boundaries.
Stone Age: Some of the initial relics of Stone Age man in the subcontinent are
at last found in the Soan Valley of the Potohar state pretty near Rawalpindi,
amongst a potential antiquity of throughout 500,000 years. No human skeleton of
these types of antiquity has yet kept on found in the area, but the crude stone
implements recovered of the terraces of the Soan carry the saga of human toil
and labor in right now half of the nation to the inter-glacial period. These
Stone Age men fashioned such a implements in a sufficiently homogenous way to
justify this grouping in terms of a culture identified the Soan Culture. About
3000 B.C, providing the rugged wind-swept valleys and foothills of Balochistan,
miniature village regions matured and initiated to take the mostly hesitant
steps towards civilization. Here, one finds a a greater number of consistent
story of human activity, even though much in the Stone
Age.
These pre-historic men substantiated this settlements, both as herdsmen and as
farmers, in the valleys or on the outskirts of the plains providing this cattle
and cultivated barley and greater amount of crops.
Red and buffer Cultures:Careful excavations of the pre-historic mounds in such
the public and the classification of this contents, layer by layer, undergo
grouped them to two chief categories of Red Ware Culture and Buff Ware Culture.
The former is popularly well&wshyp;known as the Zhob Culture of North
Balochistan, additonally the latter comprises the Quetta, Amri Nal and Kulli
Cultures of Sindh and South Balochistan. Some Amri Nal villages or districts had
stone walls and bastions for defence purposes and such a real estate had stone
foundations. At Nal, an comprehensive cemetery of such a culture consists of up
100 graves. An critical feature of such a composite culture is this at Amri and
select a larger amount of sites, it has continued at last found short of the
especially distinctive Indus Valley Culture. On the a greater amount of hand,
the steatite seals of Nal and the copper implements and definite kinds of pot
decoration hint at a partial overlap between the two. It perhaps represents one
of the local societies that constituted the locations for the appreciation of
the Indus Valley Civilization.
The pre-historic site of Kot Diji in the Sindh province has with info of
prohibative significance for the reconstruction of a tethered story that pushes
going back the origin of this moment civilization by 300 to 500 years, for
regarding 2500 B.C.. to at lowest 2800 B.C. Evidence of a new cultural
ingredients of pre-Harappan era has kept on traced here.
Pre-Harappan:When the primitive village cities in the Balochistan district got
much attempting against a difficult highland environment, a highly cultured
homeowners got making an effort to assert themselves at Kot Diji, one of the
several grown urban civilizations of the ancient planet that flourished between
the decades 2500 and 1500 B.C. in the Indus Valley ones of Moenjodaro and
Harappa. These Indus Valley persons held a above average ordinary of art and
craftsmanship and a vastly grown method of quasi pictographic writing, that in
the face of long&wshyp;term efforts much might be undeciphered. The imposing
ruins of the beautifully intended Moenjodaro and Harappa cities contemporary
uncomplicated evidence of the unity of a everybody possessing the same mode of
livlihood and paying the same sort of tools. Indeed, the brick structures of the
ubniquitous people, the public baths, the roads and gone over drainage process
mean the picture of a exultant and contented people.
Aryan Civilization: In or nearly 1500 B.C., the Aryans descended upon the Punjab
and settled in the Sapta Sindhu, that signifies the Indus plain. They grown a
pastoral society which grew to the Rigvedic Civilization. The Rigveda is replete
amid hymns of praise for this moment region, that properties describe as "God
fashioned". It is in addition uncomplicated which so for a while now as the
Sapta Sindhu remained the middle of the Aryan Civilization, it remained cost
free on the caste system. The caste institution and the ritual of complex
sacrifices took form in the Gangetic Valley. There can be no hesitation who the
Indus Civilization contributed a great deal to the development of the Aryan
civilization.
Gandhara Culture: The discovery of the Gandhara grave culture in Dir and Swat
can go a for a long while way in throwing pale on the time period of Pakistan's
cultural history between the end of the Indus Culture in 1500 B.C. and the
commencing of the historic month underneath the Achaemenians in the sixth
century B.C. Hindu mythology and Sanskrit literary traditions give the
impression to attribute the destination of the Indus civilization to the Aryans,
but how exceptionally happened, is currently a mystery. The Gandhara grave
culture has opened up two periods in the cultural heritage of Pakistan: one of
the Bronze Age and the a good deal more of the Iron Age. It is so named while it
presents a unusual pattern of residence in hilly zones of the Gandhara area as
evidenced in the graves. This culture is several based on data from the Indus
Culture and has small amount relations providing the village culture of
Balochistan. Stratigraphy as agreeably as the artifacts found for such district
lead to the the Aryans moved to that portion of the industry between 1,500 and
600 B.C. In the sixth century B.C., Buddha started his teachings, that then on
spread everywhere the northern half of the South-Asian subcontinent. It was
towards the end of the current century, too, such a Darius I of Iran organized
Sindh and Punjab as the twentieth satrapy of his empire.
There are remarkable similarities between the businesses of such a superb empire
and the Mauryan empire of the third century B.C., additonally Kautilya's
Arthshastra as well suggests a solid Persian influence, Alexander of Macedonia
ensuing defeating Darius III in 330 B.C. had too marched during the South-Asian
subcontinent up to the river Beas, but Greek affect on the industry looks to
suffer been heard limited to contributing a tiny bit of to the organization of
the Mauryan empire. The superb empire who Asoka, the grandson of Chandragupta
Maurya, assembled in the subcontinent included simply the side of the Indus
basin that is now legendary as the northern Punjab. The rest of the the public
astride the Indus got not subjugated by him. These areas, that now engender a
severe portion of Pakistan, got as good as independent of the moment of the
Guptas in the fourth century A.D. until the boost of the Delhi Sultanate in the
thirteenth century. Gandhara Art Gandhara Art, one of the many prized
possessions of Pakistan, flourished for a era of 500 ages (from the mostly to
the fifth century A.D.) in the new valley of Peshawar and the adjacent hilly
neighborhoods of Swat, Buner and Bajaur. This art represents a separate era of
the cultural renaissance of the region. It was the product of a blending of
Indian, Buddhist and Greco-Roman sculpture.
Gandhara Art: in its the beginning of stages made the patronage of Kanishka, the
good Kushan ruler, within whose reign the Silk Route ran during Peshawar and the
Indus Valley, bringing desired affluence to the general area.
Advent of Islam: The beforehand followers of prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon
him), to set lower end on the soil of the South-Asian subcontinent, got traders
according to the coast front yard of Arabia and the Persian Gulf, eventually
subsequent to the dawn of Islam in the the beginning of seventh century A.D.
DAWN OF ISLAM
The beforehand permanent Muslim foothold in the subcontinent was made it to
through Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Sindh in 711 A.D. An autonomous Muslim
condition connected investing in the Umayyed, and later, the Abbassid Caliphate
was rooted provided jurisdiction extending throughout south and pertinent
aspects of contemporary Pakistan. Quite a few new regions got verified and
Arabic was introduced as the official language. At the era of Mahmud of Ghazna's
invasion, Muslim pivotal that much existed, while in a weakened form, in Multan
and particularlly a greater amount of regions. The Ghaznavids (976-1148) and the
successors, the Ghaurids (1148-1206), got Central Asian by origin and properties
ruled the territories, that insured above all the populations of current
Pakistan, based on what i read in capitals outside India. It was in the the
first part of thirteenth century the present the roots of the Muslim critical in
India got laid in long boundaries and Delhi as the capital. From 1206 to 1526
A.D., thre diverse dynasties taken out sway. Then tracked the span of Mughal
ascendancy (1526-1707) and such a vital continued, while nominally, till 1857.
From the age of the Ghaznavids, Persian other or reduced replaced Arabic as the
official language. The economic, political and religious specialists matured by
the Muslims bore this top notch impression. The law of the State was centered on
Shariah and in necessary the rulers got bound to enforce it. Any for a while
phase of laxity was regularly tracked by reinforcement of these types of laws
short of public pressure. The dwindle of Islam on the South-Asian subcontinent
was deep and far-reaching. Islam introduced not one and only a new religion, but
a new civilization, a new way of livlihood and new set of values. Islamic
traditions of art and literature, of culture and refinement, of social and
welfare institution, got verified by Muslim rulers through the subcontinent. A
new language, Urdu, derived often times based on data from Arabic and Persian
vocabulary and adopting indigenous idioms and idioms, came to be spoken and
written by the Muslims and it gained cash amidst the rest of the Indian
population.
URDU IS THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE OF
PAKISTAN
Apart according to religion, Urdu furthermore enabled the Muslim area within the
duration of its ascendancy to save you its separate identity in the
subcontinent.
Muslim Identity -- The problem of Muslim identity, but argued seriousness over
the slow down of Muslim electricity in South Asia. The above all occupant to
find its acuteness was the scholar theologian, Shah Waliullah (1703-62). He laid
the foundation of Islamic renaissance in the subcontinent and became a source of
inspiration for close to all the subsequent social and religious reform
movements of the nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. His immediate successors,
inspired by his teachings, tried to prove a modest Islamic economy in the
north-west of India and they, below the leadership of Sayyed Ahmad Shaheed
Barelvi (1786-1831), persevered in presently direction.
British Expansionism and Muslim Resistance: Meanwhile, begun through the East
India Company, the British had emerged as the dominant drive in South Asia.
Their step up to energy was regular extending in a age of almost one hundred
years. They replaced the Shariah by how properties termed as the Anglo-Muhammadan
law whereas Urdu was replaced by English as the official language. These and a
large amount of developments had above average social, sector and political
influence particularly on the Muslims of South Asia. The uprising of 1857,
termed as the Indian Mutiny by the British and the War of Independence by the
Muslims, was a desperate make an attempt to contrary the terrible process of
events.
Religious Institutions: The failure of the 1857 War of Independence had
disastrous possible outcome for the Muslims as the British placed all the
responsibility for right now concern on them. Determined to prevent these kinds
of a recurrence in future, the British tracked deliberately a repressive policy
against the Muslims. Properties and estates of folks still remotely associated
in the freedom fighters got confiscated and conscious efforts got built to
conclusion all avenues of honest residing for them. The Muslim response to right
now understanding moreover aggravated such a plight. Their religious leaders,
who had kept on relatively active, withdrew from what i read in the mainstream
of the district livlihood and devoted themselves exclusively to imparting
religious education. Although the religious academies acutely persons of Deoband,
Farangi Mahal and Rai Bareilly, proven by the Ulema, did boon the Muslims to
conserve such a identity, the training only if in these types of experts
certainly not equipped them for the new challenges.
Educational Reform: The Muslims kept themselves aloof on western education as
vastly as federal service. But, such a compatriots, the Hindus, did not do so
and accepted the new rulers without reservation. They achieved western
education, imbibed the new culture and captured positions hitherto filled in by
the Muslims. If presently real estate deal had prolonged, it ought to suffer
finished the Muslims an irreparable damage. The man to realise the would&wshyp;be
peril was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1889), a witness to the tragic incidences of
1857. He exerted his peak to harmonize British Muslim relations. His assessment
was this the Muslims' safety lay in the acquisition of western education and
knowledge. He took multiple insured steps to do now objective. He based a
college at Aligarh to impart education on western lines. Of equal importance was
the Anglo-Muhammadan Educational Conference, that he bankrolled in 1886, to send
back an intellectual forum to the Muslims for the dissemination of views in
substantiation of western education and social reform. Similar got the
objectives of the Muhammadan Literary Society, centered by Nawab Adbul Latif
(1828-93), active in Bengal, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's efforts amended to a
movement, famed as the Aligarh Movement, and it left its imprint on the Muslims
of any side of the South-Asian subcontinent. Under its inspiration, societies
got based everywhere the subcontinent that centered educational experts for
imparting education to the Muslims.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was averse to the underlying thought of participation by the
Muslims in any organized political activity which, he feared, would revive
British hostility towards them. He additionally disliked Hindu Muslim
collaboration in any joint venture. His disillusionment in this moment claim
stemmed as good as based on the Urdu Hindi controversy of the late 1860s when
the Hindu enthusiasts vehemently championed the make of Hindi to replace Urdu.
He, therefore, opposed the Indian National Congress when it was based in 1885
and advised the Muslims to abstain for its activities. His current and a
fantastic scholar of Islam, Syed Ameer Ali (1849-1928), shared his views roughly
the Congress, but, he was not opposed to Muslims organizing themselves
politically. In fact, he organised the earliest serious political person of the
Muslims, the Central National Muhammadan Association. Although, its membership
was limited, it had additionally as opposed to 50 branches in distinct portions
of the subcontinent and it accomplished selected enduring strive for the
educational and political advancement of the Muslims. But, its activities waned
towards the end of the nineteenth century.
The Muslim League: At the dawn of the twentieth century, a plethora of
ingredients convinced the Muslims of the crisis to own an effective political
organization. Therefore, in October 1906, a deputation comprising 35 Muslim
leaders met the Viceroy of the British at Simla and demanded separate
electorates. Three cycles later, the All-India Muslim League was based by Nawab
Salimullah Khan at Dhaka, mostly amongst the ambition of safeguarding the
political rights and interests of the Muslims. The British conceded separate
electorates in the Government of India Act of 1909 that substantiated the Muslim
League's position as an All-India party.
Attempt for Hindu Muslim Unity: The visible penchant of the two monumental
neighborhoods progressing in contrary directions lead to deep anxiety to leaders
of All-India stature. They wrestled to bid the Congress and the Muslim League on
one platform. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) was the largest
imagine amidst them. After the annulment of the partition of Bengal and the
European Powers' aggressive designs against the Ottoman Empire and North Africa,
the Muslims got receptive to the concept of collaboration amidst the Hindus
against the British rulers.
The Congress Muslim League rapprochement was obtained at the Lucknow sessions of
the two parties in 1916 and a joint scheme of reforms was adopted. In the
Lucknow Pact. as the scheme was commonly referred to, the Congress accepted the
substantial of separate electorates, and the Muslims, in send back for `weightage'
to the Muslims of the Muslim minority provinces, agreed to surrender the thin
majorities in the Punjab and Bengal. The submit Lucknow Pact phase seen Hindu
Muslim amity and the two parties came to own such a annual sessions in the same
city and voted for resolutions of identical contents.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
The Hindu Muslim unity acquired its climax over the Khilafat and the
Non-cooperation Movements. The Muslims of soothsayer, below the leadership of
the Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, launched the
historic Khilafat Movement following the First World War to cover the Ottoman
Empire based on what i read in dismemberment. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
(1869-1948) connected the predicament of Swaraj (self-government) amid the
Khilafat measure to associate the Hindus amid the Movement. The following
Movement was the mostly nationwide popular movement.
Although the Movement failed in its objectives, it had a far-reaching influence
on the Muslims of South Asia. After a for a while time, properties took united
action on a purely Islamic predicament that momentarily forged solidarity
amongst them. It as well created a lesson of Muslim leaders felt in organizing
and mobilizing the public. This have was of immense costs to the Muslims
afterward within the duration of the Pakistan Movement The downturn of the
Khilafat Movement was trailed by a phase of bitter Hindu Muslim antagonism. The
Hindus organized two highly anti Muslim movements, the Shudhi and the Sangathan.
The former movement was implemented to transform Muslims to Hinduism and the
latter was lead to to make solidarity amid the Hindus in the concern of communal
conflict. In retaliation, the Muslims bankrolled the Tabligh and Tanzim
businesses to counter the hurt of the Shudhi and the Sangathan. In the 1920s,
the frequency of communal riots was unprecedented. Several Hindu-Muslim unity
conferences got foreclosed to remove the makes of conflict, but, it seemed not
anything may mitigate the intensity of communalism.
Muslim Demand Safeguards: In the neutral of this moment situation, the Muslims
amended such a constitutional demands. They now wanted conservation of the
numerical majorities in the Punjab and Bengal, separation of Sindh for Bombay,
constitution of Balochistan as a separate province and introduction of
constitutional reforms in the North-West Frontier Province. It was partly to
urge such demands this one section of the All-India Muslim League cooperated
among the Statutory team sent by the British Government beneath the chairmanship
of Sir John Simon in 1927.
SIMON COMMISSION
The a greater number of section of the League, that boycotted the Simon
Commission for its all-White character, cooperated amongst the Nehru Committee,
appointed by the All-Parties Conference, to draft a constitution for India. The
Nehru Report had an frightfully anti-Muslim bias and the Congress leadership's
refusal to amend it disillusioned a good deal the ebb Muslims.
Allama Muhammad Iqbal:
Several leaders and thinkers, dealing with insight to the Hindu-Muslim problem
proposed separation of Muslim India. However, the various lucid exposition of
the inner feeling of the Muslim district was supplied by Allama Muhammad
Iqbal(1877-1938) in his Presidential Address at the All-India Muslim League
Session at Allahabad in 1930. He showed such a for the viable development of
Islam in South-Asia, it was crucial to suffer a separate Muslim situation at
lowest in the Muslim majority areas of the north-west. Later on, in his
correspondence through Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, he included the Muslim
majority regions in the north-east as well in his proposed Muslim state. Three
decades subsequent to his Allahabad Address, a bunch of Muslim under graduates
at Cambridge, went by Chaudhry Rehmat Ali, handed out a pamphlet, Now or Never,
in that drawing letters out of the names of the Muslim majority regions,
properties gave the nomenclature of "Pakistan" to the proposed State. Very few
significantly amidst the Muslim welcomed the thought at the time. It was to take
a decade for the Muslims to embrace the necessity for a separate Muslim state.
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
Meanwhile, 3 Round Table Conferences got convened in London within the
duration of 1930-32, to reach the conclusion the Indian constitutional
problem. The Hindu and Muslim leaders, who got invited to such conferences, were
able to not appeal up an agreed formula and the British Government had to
announce a `Communal Award' that was incorporated in the Government of India Act
of 1935. Before the elections beneath the Act, the All-India Muslim League, that
had remained dormant for chosen time, was reorganized by Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad
Ali Jinnah, who had paid back to India in 1934,after an absence of roughly one
decades in England. The Muslim League serves to not win a majority of Muslim
seats from the time it had not yet been heard effectively reorganized. However,
it had the satisfaction too the performance of the Indian National Congress in
the Muslim constituencies was bad. After the elections, the attitude of the
Congress leadership was snobbish and domineering. The classic ideal was its
refusal to order a coalition federal surrounded by the Muslim League in the
United Provinces. Instead, it queried the League leaders to dissolve this
parliamentary party in the Provincial Assembly and join the Congress. Another
principle Congress move ensuing the 1937 elections was its Muslim mass reach
movement to persuade the Muslims to join the Congress and not the Muslim League.
One of its leaders, Jawaharlal Nehru, that much believed which there got just
two forces in India, the British and the Congress. All the current did not go
unchallenged.
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
countered the current there was a third push in South-Asia constituting the
Muslims. The All-India Muslim League, beneath his gifted leadership,
consistently and skillfully began organising the Muslims on one platform.
Towards a Separate Muslim Homeland: The 1930s observed awareness amid the
Muslims of this separate identity and this worry to conserve it for the duration
of separate territorial boundaries. An substantial component this brought the
current simmering Muslim nationalism in the open was the character of the
Congress critical in the Muslim minority provinces over 1937-39. The Congress
policies in these types of provinces reduce Muslim susceptibilities. There got
implemented aims to obliterate the Muslims as a separate cultural unit. The
Muslims now put a halt on believing in terms of hunting for shields and set
about to ponder drastically the necessity for a separate Muslim state. During
1937-39, multiple Muslim leaders and thinkers, inspired by Allama Iqbal's ideas,
presented elaborate schemes for partitioning the subcontinent according to
two-nation theory.
Pakistan Resolution: The All-India Muslim League quickly took these types of
schemes to sympathy and finally, on March 23, 1940, the All-India Muslim League,
in a resolution, at its historic Lahore Session, demanded a separate homeland
for the Muslims in the Muslim majority districts of the subcontinent. The
resolution was commonly referred to as the Pakistan Resolution. The Pakistan
clamor had a above the usual pull for the Muslims of any persuasion. It revived
memories of the out of greatness and promised coming years glory. They,
therefore, responded to currently clamor immediately.
Cripps Mission: The British Government recognized the genuineness of the
Pakistan call indirectly in the propositions for the transfer of energy
subsequent to the Second World War that Sir Stafford Cripps brought to India in
1942. Both the Congress and the All-India Muslim League rejected such
propositions for diverse reasons. The principles of secession of Muslim India as
a separate Dominion was however, conceded in these kinds of proposals. After the
failure, a prominent Congress leader, C. Rajgopalacharia, showed a formula for a
separate Muslim neighborhood in the Working Committee of the Indian National
Congress, that was rejected at the time, but then on, in 1944, transfered the
reason of the Jinnah-Gandhi talks. Demand for Pakistan
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
The Pakistan clamor became popular through the Second World War. Every section
of the Muslim state - men, women, students, Ulema and businessmen - got
organized beneath the banner of the All-India Muslim League. Branches of the
party got opened a good deal in the remote corners of the subcontinent.
Literature in the shape of pamphlets, books, magazines and newspapers was came
up with to explain the Pakistan call and distributed widely. The validation
gained by the All-India Muslim League and its clamor for Pakistan was tested
following the failure of the Simla Conference, convened by the Viceroy, Lord
Wavell, in 1945. Elections got labeled to determine the respective strength of
the political parties. The All-India Muslim League election campaign was rooted
on the Pakistan demand. The Muslim area responded to such a clamor in an peak
way. Numerous Muslim parties got made writing united parliamentary committe at
the behest of the Congress to oppose the Muslim League. But the All-India Muslim
League swept all the thirty seats in the Central Legislature and in the
provincial elections also, its victory was outstanding. After the elections, on
April 8-9,1946, the All-India Muslim League referred to as a convention of the
newly-elected League realtors in the Central and Provincial Legislatures at
Delhi. This convention, that constituted roughly a representative team of the
Muslims of South Asia, on a motion by the Chief Minister of Bengal, Hussain
Shaheed Suhrawardy, reiterated the Pakistan clamor in clearer terms.
Cabinet Plan: In the first part of 1946, the British Government sent a Cabinet
Mission to the subcontinent to reach the conclusion the constitutional deadlock.
The Mission conducted negotiations provided a multitude of political parties,
but failed to evolve an agreed formula. Finally, the Cabinet Mission announced
its own Plan, that surrounded by a great deal more provisions, envisaged 3
government groupings, two of them comprising the Muslim majority provinces, tied
at the Centre in a loose federation amongst 3 subjects. The Muslim League
accepted the plan, as a strategic move, predicting to accomplish its intention
in not-too-distant a future. The All-India Congress moreover agreed to the Plan,
but, eventually realising its implications, the Congress leaders initiated to
interpret it in a way not visualized by the authors of the Plan. This on the
condition that the All-India Muslim League an excuse to withdraw its acceptance
of the Plan and the party witnessed August 16, as a `Direct Action Day' to
confirm Muslim solidarity in validation of the Pakistan demand.
Partition Scheme: In October 1946, an Interim Government was formed. The Muslim
League sent its representative beneath the leadership of its General Secretary,
Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan, in the aim to battle for the party end on during the
Interim Government. After a very brief time, the vitality inside the Interim
Government and outside convinced the Congress leadership to accept Pakistan as
the clearly secret of the communal problem. The British Government, once its
endure operated to save the Cabinet Mission Plan in December 1946, furthermore
moved towards a scheme for the partition of India. The go on British Viceroy,
Lord Louis Mountbatten, came surrounded by a basic mandate to draft a bill for
the transfer of power.
After in posession of talks surrounded by political leaders and parties, he
projected a Partition Plan for the transfer of power, which, following
ratification of the British Government, was announced on June 3,1947.
Emergence of Pakistan: Both the
Congress and the Muslim League accepted the Plan. Two peak Muslim majority
provinces, Bengal and Punjab, got partitioned. The Assemblies of West Punjab,
East Bengal and Sindh and in Balochistan, the Quetta Municipality, and the Shahi
Jirga voted for Pakistan. Referenda got taken out in the North-West Frontier
Province and the District of Sylhet in Assam, that resulted in an disasterous
vote for Pakistan. As a result, on August 14,1947, the new economy of Pakistan
came to existence.
|
|
|
