Civilian rule returned after the war, when General Yahya
Khan handed over power to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. In 1972, Pakistani
intelligence learned that India was close to developing a nuclear bomb, and
in response, Bhutto formed a group of engineers and scientists, headed by
nuclear scientist Abdus Salam — who later won the Nobel Prize for physics —
to develop nuclear devices. In 1973, Parliament approved a new constitution.
Pakistan was alarmed by the Indian nuclear test of 1974, and Bhutto promised
that Pakistan would also have a nuclear device "even if we have to eat grass
and leaves."
During Bhutto's rule, a serious rebellion also took place in Balochistan
province and led to harsh suppression of Baloch rebels with the Shah of Iran
purportedly assisting with air support in order to prevent the conflict from
spilling over into Iranian Balochistan. The conflict ended later after an
amnesty and subsequent stabilization by the provincial military ruler
Rahimuddin Khan. In 1974, Bhutto succumbed to increasing pressure from
religious parties and helped Parliament to declare the Ahmadiyya adherents
as non-Muslims. Elections were held in 1977, with the People's Party won but
this was challenged by the opposition, which accused Bhutto of rigging the
vote. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq took power in a bloodless coup and Bhutto
was later executed, after being convicted of authorizing the murder of a
political opponent, in a controversial 4-3 split decision by the Supreme
Court. |
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